loop around

noose n

1 ( loop) nœud m coulant ;

2 ( for hanging) corde f ; the hangman's noose la corde de la potence ; to put a noose around one's neck mettre une corde autour de son cou ; fig se mettre la corde au cou.

to put one's head in a noose se jeter dans la gueule du loup.

coil [kɔɪl]

1 noun

(a) (spiral → of rope, wire) rouleau m; (→ of hair) rouleau m; (in bun) chignon m

(b) (single loop → of rope, wire) tour m; (→ of hair) boucle f; (→ of smoke, snake) anneau m

(c) Electricity bobine f

(d) (contraceptive device) stérilet m

(e) Nautical glène f

2 transitive verb

(a) (rope) enrouler; (hair) enrouler, torsader;

∎ the snake coiled itself up le serpent s'est lové ou enroulé

(b) Electricity bobiner

3 intransitive verb

(a) (river, smoke, procession) onduler, serpenter

(b) (rope) s'enrouler; (snake) se lover, s'enrouler;

∎ the python coiled around its prey le python s'est enroulé autour de sa proie

►► Cars coil ignition system circuit m d'allumage par bobine;

Technology coil spring ressort m hélicoïdal

➲ coil up separable transitive verb

(rope, hose) enrouler

hook [hʊk]

1 noun

(a) (gen) crochet m; (for coats) patère f; (on clothes) agrafe f; (for meat) croc m; Nautical gaffe f;

∎ hooks and eyes (on clothes) agrafes fpl (et œillets mpl);

∎ your phone was off the hook tu avais décroché ton téléphone; (accidentally) tu avais mal raccroché ton téléphone;

∎ to put the phone back on the hook reposer le combiné (sur son support);

∎ familiar to get one's hooks into sb mettre le grappin sur qn

(b) (on fishing line) hameçon m;

∎ familiar he swallowed the story, hook, line and sinker il a tout avalé;

∎ familiar he's fallen for her hook line and sinker il est tombé fou amoureux d'elle^□

(c) (in advertising) accroche f; Music (in song) thème m

(d) American familiar (dismissal)

∎ to give sb the hook flanquer qn à la porte, vider qn;

∎ he'll get the hook one day il sera flanqué à la porte ou vidé un jour

(e) Sport (in cricket) coup m tourné; Golf hook m;

∎ Boxing a right/left hook un crochet (du) droit/gauche

(f) familiar (idioms)

∎ to get sb off the hook tirer qn d'affaire;

∎ to let sb off the hook (from obligation) libérer qn de sa responsabilité^□ ;

∎ I'll let you off the hook this time je laisse passer cette fois-ci;

∎ we must do it by hook or by crook nous devons le faire, coûte que coûte;

∎ American familiar to be on the hook être dans le pétrin

2 transitive verb

(a) (snag) accrocher; (seize → person, prey) attraper; (→ floating object) gaffer, crocher;

∎ he hooked his arm through hers il lui a pris le bras

(b) (loop)

∎ hook the rope around the tree passez la corde autour de l'arbre;

∎ she hooked one leg round the leg of the chair elle passa ou enroula une jambe autour du pied de la chaise;

∎ the two bits of wire had become hooked together les deux fils de fer s'étaient pris l'un dans l'autre

(c) Fishing (fish) prendre; Technology hameçonner

(d) Sport (in cricket) renvoyer d'un coup tourné; (in rugby) talonner (le ballon); Golf hooker; Boxing donner un crochet à

(e) familiar (steal) piquer

(f) familiar humorous (marry) passer la corde au cou à;

∎ she'll never manage to hook him elle n'arrivera jamais à lui mettre le grappin dessus

(g) American familiar

∎ to hook school faire l'école buissonnière

(h) American familiar

∎ to hook it mettre les bouts, décamper

(i) Sewing (rug) fabriquer en nouant au crochet

3 intransitive verb

(a) (fasten) s'agrafer

(b) Golf hooker

(c) American familiar (work as prostitute) faire le trottoir

►► Hook of Holland Hoek m van Holland;

Sport hook shot (in basketball) bras m roulé; (in cricket) coup m tourné

➲ hook on

1 separable transitive verb

accrocher

2 intransitive verb

s'accrocher;

∎ this strap hooks on at the back cette bride s'accroche ou s'agrafe par derrière

➲ hook up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (trailer) accrocher; (dress) agrafer; (boat) amarrer;

∎ they hooked up an extra coach to the train on a accroché un wagon supplémentaire au train

(b) familiar (install) installer^□ ; (plug in) brancher^□

(c) Radio & Television faire un duplex entre

(d) (horse, oxen etc) atteler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (dress) s'agrafer

(b) American familiar (meet) se rencontrer^□, se donner rendez-vous^□ ; (work together) faire équipe^□

(c) American familiar (be in relationship)

∎ to hook up with sb sortir avec qn^□

(d) Radio & Television

∎ to hook up with faire une émission en duplex avec

shoulder ['ʃəʊldə(r)]

1 noun

(a) (part of body, of garment) épaule f;

∎ he's got broad shoulders il est large d'épaules;

∎ round shoulders dos m rond ou voûté;

∎ it's a bit big on the shoulders c'est un peu large aux épaules ou de carrure;

∎ she put an arm around my shoulder elle mit son bras autour de mon épaule;

∎ slung across or over the shoulder (bag, rifle etc) en bandoulière;

∎ you can carry it over your shoulder tu peux le porter en bandoulière;

∎ put a jacket over your shoulders mets une veste sur tes épaules;

∎ I looked over my shoulder j'ai jeté un coup d'œil derrière moi;

∎ it's a heavy burden to place on his shoulders c'est une lourde charge à mettre sur ses épaules;

∎ figurative to cry on sb's shoulder pleurer sur l'épaule de qn;

∎ we all need a shoulder to cry on nous avons tous besoin d'une épaule pour pleurer;

∎ to have a good head on one's shoulders avoir la tête sur les épaules;

∎ figurative to put one's shoulder to the wheel s'atteler à la tâche;

∎ to stand shoulder to shoulder être coude à coude

(b) Cookery épaule f;

∎ shoulder of lamb épaule f d'agneau

(c) (along road) accotement m, bas-côté m

(d) (of hill, mountain) replat m; (of bottle) renflement m

2 transitive verb

(a) (pick up) charger sur son épaule;

∎ she shouldered the heavy load elle chargea le lourd fardeau sur son épaule;

∎ to shoulder one's gun mettre son fusil sur l'épaule;

∎ Military to shoulder arms se mettre au port d'armes;

∎ Military shoulder arms! portez armes!

(b) figurative (take on → blame) assumer; (→ responsibility) endosser, assumer; (→ cost) faire face à

(c) (push) pousser (de l'épaule);

∎ he shouldered me aside il m'écarta d'un coup d'épaule;

∎ I shouldered my way through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin à travers la foule (en jouant des épaules)

►► shoulder bag sac m à bandoulière;

shoulder belt ceinture f épaulière;

shoulder blade omoplate f; (of horse etc) paleron m;

Military shoulder braid fourragère f;

shoulder charge charge f épaule contre épaule;

shoulder holster holster m;

American Military shoulder loop patte f d'épaule, épaulette f;

shoulder pad (in garment) épaulette f (coussinet de rembourrage); Sport protège-épaule m;

shoulder rate (in tourism) tarif m moyenne saison;

shoulder season (in tourism) moyenne saison f;

shoulder strap (on dress, bra, accordion) bretelle f; (on bag) bandoulière f; Military patte f d'épaule, épaulette f

wait [weɪt]

1 intransitive verb

(a) (person, bus, work) attendre;

∎ I've been waiting for half an hour/since Easter j'attends depuis une demi-heure/depuis Pâques;

∎ just you wait! (as threat) attends un peu, tu vas voir!, tu ne perds rien pour attendre!; (you'll see) vous verrez!;

∎ we'll just have to wait and see on verra bien;

∎ wait and see! attends voir!;

∎ he didn't wait to be told twice il ne se l'est pas fait dire deux fois;

∎ letters waiting to be delivered lettres qui attendent d'être distribuées, Administration lettres en souffrance;

∎ we're waiting to be served nous attendons qu'on nous serve ou qu'on s'occupe de nous;

∎ to keep sb waiting faire attendre qn;

∎ you shouldn't keep people waiting vous ne devriez pas vous faire attendre ou faire attendre les gens;

∎ they do it while you wait ils le font devant vous;

∎ repairs while you wait (sign) réparations minute;

∎ keys cut while you wait (sign) clés minute;

∎ proverb everything comes to him or to he who waits tout vient à point à qui sait attendre

(b) (with "can")

∎ it can wait cela peut attendre;

∎ he can wait laisse-le attendre;

∎ also ironic I can't wait! je brûle d'impatience!;

∎ it can't wait cela ne peut pas attendre, c'est très urgent;

∎ I can hardly wait to see them again j'ai hâte de les revoir;

∎ I can't wait for the weekend (to arrive) j'attends le week-end avec impatience!, vivement le week-end!

(c) (with "until" or "till")

∎ wait until I've finished attendez que j'aie fini;

∎ wait until the film is over attendez la fin du film;

∎ you'll have to wait until you're old enough il va falloir attendre que tu sois plus grand;

∎ can't that wait until tomorrow? cela ne peut pas attendre jusqu'à demain?;

∎ just wait till your parents hear about it attends un peu que tes parents apprennent cela

(d) (serve) servir, faire le service;

∎ to wait British at or American on table servir à table, faire le service

2 transitive verb

(a) (period of time) attendre;

∎ I waited half an hour j'ai attendu (pendant) une demi-heure;

∎ I waited all day for the repairman to come j'ai passé toute la journée à attendre le réparateur;

∎ wait a minute! (attendez) une minute ou un instant!;

∎ wait your turn! attendez votre tour!

(b) American (delay)

∎ don't wait dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour vous mettre à table

(c) American (serve at)

∎ to wait tables servir à table, faire le service

3 noun

attente f;

∎ we had a long wait nous avons dû attendre (pendant) longtemps;

∎ she had a half hour or half hour's wait at Gatwick il a fallu qu'elle attende une demi-heure ou elle a eu une demi-heure d'attente à Gatwick;

∎ there was an hour's wait between trains il y avait une heure de battement ou d'attente entre les trains;

∎ it was worth the wait ça valait la peine d'attendre;

∎ to lie in wait for être à l'affût de, guetter;

∎ the foxes lay in wait for the hares les renards étaient à l'affût des lièvres;

∎ the gunmen were lying in wait for the convoy les bandits guettaient l'arrivée du convoi;

∎ the detective was lying in wait for her outside her house (arrival) le détective guettait son arrivée à la maison; (departure) le détective guettait son départ de la maison

4 waits plural noun

British Music chanteurs mpl de Noël

►► Computing wait loop boucle f d'attente;

Computing wait state état m d'attente

➲ wait about intransitive verb

British traîner, faire le pied de grue;

∎ to wait about for sb attendre qn, faire le pied de grue en attendant qn;

∎ don't keep me waiting about ne me fais pas attendre;

∎ I can't stand all this waiting about cela m'énerve d'être obligé d'attendre ou de traîner comme ça;

∎ I can't wait about all evening until he comes home je ne peux pas traîner toute la soirée à attendre qu'il rentre

➲ wait around = wait about

➲ wait behind intransitive verb

rester;

∎ to wait behind for sb rester pour attendre qn;

∎ they waited behind after the meeting ils sont restés après la réunion

➲ wait for inseparable transitive verb

∎ to wait for sb/sth attendre qn/qch;

∎ I'm waiting for the children/for the next train j'attends les enfants/le prochain train;

∎ I'm waiting for the bank to open j'attends que la banque soit ouverte, j'attends l'ouverture de la banque;

∎ wait for the signal attendez le signal;

∎ that was worth waiting for cela valait la peine d'attendre;

∎ what are you waiting for? qu'est-ce que vous attendez?;

∎ British humorous wait for it! tiens-toi bien!

➲ wait in intransitive verb

rester à la maison;

∎ I waited in all evening for her je suis resté chez moi toute la soirée à l'attendre

➲ wait on inseparable transitive verb

(a) (serve)

∎ I'm not here to wait on you! (male) je ne suis pas ton serviteur!; (female) je ne suis pas ta servante ou ta bonne!

∎ to wait on sb hand and foot être aux petits soins pour qn;

∎ he expects to be waited on hand and foot il veut que tout le monde soit à son service ou à ses petits soins

(b) American (in restaurant)

∎ to wait on tables faire le service, servir à table

➲ wait out separable transitive verb

(war, stoum) attendre la fin de; (concert, film) rester jusqu'à la fin ou jusqu'au bout de, attendre la fin de

➲ wait up intransitive verb

(a) (at night) rester debout, veiller;

∎ I'll be late so don't wait up (for me) je rentrerai tard, ne veillez pas pour moi ou couchez-vous sans m'attendre;

∎ her parents always wait up for her ses parents ne se couchent jamais avant qu'elle soit rentrée ou attendent toujours qu'elle rentre pour se coucher;

∎ the children were allowed to wait up until midnight on a permis aux enfants de veiller jusqu'à minuit

(b) familiar (wait)

∎ hey, wait up! attendez-moi!^□

➲ wait upon = wait on (a)

✾ Play 'Waiting for Godot' Beckett 'En attendant Godot'

180-deg maneuver

3-dimensional maneuver

9-g maneuver

abort maneuver

accel-decel-accel maneuver

accel-decel maneuver

accelerated maneuver

acceleration-deceleration-acceleration maneuver

acceleration-deceleration maneuver

accident maneuver

ACM maneuver

acrobatic maneuver

aerial combat maneuver

aerobatic maneuver

aggressive maneuver

agility maneuver

air combat maneuver

air-to-air maneuver

air-to-air combat maneuver

air-to-ground maneuver

anti-g straining maneuver

asymmetric power maneuver

asymmetric thrust maneuver

attitude maneuver

auto-flap maneuver

autorotation maneuver

balked landing maneuver

bank-to-bank maneuver

bank-to-turn maneuver

banking maneuver

barrel roll-type maneuver

bob-up maneuver

bomb maneuver

butterfly maneuver

compound maneuver

constant sideslip maneuver

coordinated maneuver

corrective maneuver

countering maneuver

coupling maneuver

cross control maneuver

deceleration maneuver

defense maneuver

defensive maneuver

demonstration maneuver

departure maneuver

descend maneuver

design-limited maneuver

discrete maneuver

dive maneuver

doublet set maneuver

dynamic maneuver

emergency maneuver

energy-state maneuver

escape maneuver

evasive maneuver

extended duration maneuver

extreme-attitude maneuver

falling-leaf maneuver

FBW maneuver

final maneuver

full-lateral stick maneuver

full-roll maneuver

full-aft-stick maneuver

full-envelope maneuvers

fuselage aiming maneuver

gliding maneuver

go-around maneuver

gyroscopic coupling maneuver

hammerhead maneuver

heading change maneuver

Herbst maneuver

high-risk maneuver

high-altitude maneuver

high-angle-of-attack maneuver

high-g maneuver

high-roll-rate maneuver

horizontal maneuver

hovering maneuver

hypersonic maneuver

landing maneuver

large-amplitude maneuver

large-angle roll maneuver

lateral maneuver

lateral offset maneuver

lateral-directional maneuver

lead-pursuit maneuver

levelling-off maneuver

liftoff maneuver

longitudinal maneuver

longitudinal coupling maneuver

loop maneuver

low-altitude maneuver

low-g maneuver

low-speed maneuver

M1/L1 straining maneuver

maximum maneuver

maximum g maneuver

mirror-image maneuver

mishap maneuver

missile evasive maneuver

mixed-mode maneuver

near-minimum time maneuver

near-to-the-ground maneuver

nonlinear maneuver

nose-up maneuver

OEI maneuver

offensive maneuver

one engine inoperative maneuver

path stretching maneuver

permissible maneuver

pitch axis maneuver

pitch pulse maneuver

pitch-up maneuver

pitching maneuver

pop-up maneuver

positive maneuver

post launch maneuver

post-stall maneuver

Pougachev's Cobra maneuver

practice maneuver

PST maneuver

pull-out maneuver

pull-up maneuver

push-over maneuver

pushover/pullup maneuver

quasi-steady maneuver

real-time maneuver

rearward maneuver

rigid body maneuver

roll maneuver

roll-over maneuver

roller-coaster maneuver

rolling maneuver

rolling pull maneuver

rolling pullout maneuver

rotational maneuver

side-step maneuver

simulation maneuver

single-axis rotational maneuver

slow-flight maneuver

stabilized maneuver

stall maneuver

steady-state maneuver

steep dive bomb maneuver

sustained maneuver

symmetric maneuver

symmetric power maneuver

symmetrical maneuver

tail slide maneuver

takeoff maneuver

target maneuver

TCAS maneuver

tell-tale maneuver

terminal maneuver

terminal evasion maneuver

terrain-avoidance maneuver

test maneuver

thrust reverse maneuver

tracking maneuver

training maneuver

transient maneuver

translational maneuver

turn maneuver

uncoordinated maneuver

vertical maneuver

vertical attitude maneuver

wave-off maneuver

wind-up turn maneuver

yaw maneuver

zero-sideslip angle maneuver

— abort maneuver

— accelerate-stop maneuver

— acrobatic maneuver

— adaptation maneuver

— advanced flight maneuver

— aerial maneuver

— aerobatic maneuver

— aerodynamic maneuver

— air combat maneuver

— air maneuver

— aircraft defensive maneuver

— airdrome maneuver

— airfield maneuver

— air-sea maneuvers

— altitude maneuver

— antimissile maneuver

— antisubmarine maneuver

— approach maneuver

— atmospheric maneuver

— attitude hold maneuver

— automatic maneuver

— autorotation maneuver

— autorotative maneuver

— backpack maneuver

— basic maneuver

— bombing maneuver

— breakaway maneuver

— breakup maneuver

— capture maneuver

— catch-up maneuver

— cherry-blossom maneuver

— clearing maneuver

— closing-and-docking maneuver

— combat maneuver

— combined maneuvers

— confidence maneuver

— constant-rolling maneuver

— control-stick-steering maneuver

— conversion maneuver

— conversion/reconversion maneuver

— coordinated maneuver

— correction maneuver

— counterfighter maneuver

— counterflack maneuver

— countermissile maneuver

— decrab maneuver

— delay maneuver

— dive-toss-bombing maneuver

— DLC maneuver

— docking maneuver

— dogleg maneuver

— down maneuver

— downwind maneuver

— duck under maneuver

— elementary flight maneuver

— engine-out maneuver

— entry maneuver

— escape maneuver

— evasive maneuver

— exoatmospheric maneuver

— false maneuver

— fighting maneuver

— final orientation maneuver

— final slowdown maneuver

— flak defensive maneuver

— flare maneuver

— flareout maneuver

— flaring maneuver

— flat yawing maneuver

— flight maneuver

— flight training maneuver

— fly the maneuver

— formation maneuvers

— forward slip maneuver

— glide maneuver

— gliding maneuver

— go-around maneuver

— gravity maneuver

— head-on maneuver

— high-altitude maneuver

— impulse maneuver

— inflight maneuver

— inflight refueling maneuver

— in-plane maneuver

— intermediate orientation maneuver

— interplanetary maneuver

— inverted maneuver

— kick into maneuver

— kick-off drift maneuver

— knife-edge maneuver

— LABS maneuver

— large-disturbance maneuver

— launch maneuver

— leave the maneuver

— longitudinal maneuver

— loop maneuver

— low-acceleration rendezvous maneuver

— low-altitude maneuver

— low-speed maneuver

— maneuver at launch

— maneuver of crabbing

— midcourse maneuver

— near-the-target maneuver

— negative G maneuver

— nonsteady maneuver

— orbit insertion maneuver

— orbital maneuver

— orbit-changing maneuver

— orbit-transfer maneuver

— orbit-trimming maneuver

— orientation maneuver

— out-of-control maneuver

— overshoot maneuver

— over-the-shoulder bombing maneuver

— pickup maneuver

— pitch maneuver

— plane-change maneuver

— pop-up maneuver

— post-docking maneuver

— postgrade maneuver

— powered maneuver

— prearranged maneuver

— precision maneuver

— preentry maneuver

— preretro maneuver

— pre-takeoff maneuver

— programed maneuver

— pull-out maneuver

— pull-up maneuver

— push-down maneuver

— push-over maneuver

— radar evasive maneuver

— reconversion maneuver

— recovery maneuver

— rectangular pattern maneuver

— rendezvous maneuver

— retrofire maneuver

— retrograde maneuver

— roll maneuver

— rolling maneuver

— rolling pull-out maneuver

— rotation maneuver

— scissors maneuver

— semistalled maneuver

— short powered-flight maneuver

— short-lived maneuver

— sidestep maneuver

— slowdown maneuver

— snap maneuver

— solo maneuvers

— space maneuver

— spacecraft maneuver

— split "S" maneuver

— stall/spin maneuver

— stalled maneuver

— standard turn maneuver

— steep maneuver

— subsonic maneuver

— supersonic maneuver

— sustained negative-g maneuver

— synergetic maneuver

— takeoff maneuver

— target maneuver

— terminal maneuver

— terrain-avoidance maneuver

— terrain-following maneuver

— thrusting maneuver

— timed maneuver

— time-optimal rendezvous maneuver

— toss bombing maneuver

— transition maneuver

— trim maneuver

— uncontrollable maneuver

— uncontrolled maneuver

— unpowered maneuver

— unusual attitude maneuver

— up-and-down maneuver

— vertical maneuver

— vertical turn maneuver

— weapons delivery maneuver

— weapons launching maneuver

— yawing maneuver

— yaw-roll maneuver

— zoom autorotation maneuver

— zoom maneuver

— ability test

— ablation test

— acceleration test

— acceptance test

— acoustic emission test

— acoustical fatigue test

— acoustical test

— aerodynamic tests

— aeroelastic tests

— aerospace-simulation test

— air test

— aircrew classification test

— airfield performance test

— airplane ground tests

— airworthiness tests

— altitude test

— altitude-chamber test

— altitude-simulation test

— antiicing performance test

— autothrottle tests

— ballistic impact test

— bed test

— bench test

— blow-down test

— boom test

— breakdown tests

— buffet test

— calibration test

— captive test

— carrier qualification test

— carrier suitability test

— cascade test

— catapult model tests

— catapulting test

— chamber test

— clean configuration test

— climatic test

— climbing test

— cold start tests

— cold-chamber test

— cold-flow test

— cold-temperature test

— combat-environment test

— compatibility test

— composite test

— compression test

— configuration test

— control test

— crosswind taxi tests

— cruise range tests

— cyclical tests

— deceleration test

— delayed-ignition test

— depth perception test

— development flight tests

— ditching test

— dive test

— diving test

— drop test

— dummy test

— durability test

— dynamic load test

— dynamic model tests

— dynamic stability test

— dynamic test

— dynamometer test

— earth-orbital flight test

— ejection test

— electromagnetic compatibility tests

— endurance test

— engine endurance tests

— engine icing tests

— engine-out test

— environmental test

— escape test

— evaluation tests

— facility ablation test

— fail-safe tests

— failure test

— familiarization test

— field test

— firing test

— flame test

— flattening test

— flight proficiency test

— flight readiness test

— flight test

— flight-approval test

— flight-rating test

— flow test

— flutter damping tests

— flutter test

— flying test

— fracture-toughness tests

— free-drop test

— free-fall test

— free-flight test

— free-spinning model tests

— fuel flow test

— fuel-jettisoning test

— full-scale test

— gear test

— glide test

— go-around tests

— go-no-go test

— ground loop tests

— ground resonance test

— ground-based test

— guidance test

— gyro test

— high-altitude test

— high-pressure test

— high-speed tests

— high-temperature test

— hold-down test

— hot jet test

— hot test

— hovering test

— human test

— human tolerance test

— hydro fatigue tests

— hypervelocity impact test

— icing test

— in-flight tests

— infrared test

— ingestion test

— instrument flying test

— integrated test

— jet test

— landing test

— leakage test

— level speed tests

— life cycling test

— life test

— lift-jet flight tests

— live test

— longevity test

— long-time creep-rupture test

— low-level tests

— low-speed test

— low-temperature test

— meteorite-strike test

— military qualification test

— mock-up test

— model test

— multiaircraft flight tests

— noise test

— noise-fatigue test

— nose-cone test

— nuclear hardening tests

— on-the-pad test

— operational test

— orbital test

— out-of-atmosphere test

— panel-crippling test

— partial glide test

— passenger evacuation test

— peeling test

— performance tests

— piloted flight test

— pitot static test

— power calibration test

— powered-flight test

— precertification flight tests

— predelivery test

— prefiring test

— preflight test

— prelaunch test

— pressure test

— pressure-plotting tests

— pressurization test

— production flight tests

— program-control test

— program-fatigue test

— propellant-flowtest

— propulsion integration tests

— propulsion tests

— proving-ground test

— psychomotor test

— psychotechnic tests

— pulling test

— qualification test

— quick-stop tests

— radar reflection tests

— radius-of-turn test-s

— randomized-step test

— refueling test

— reliability test

— rendezvous simulated test

— rendezvous test

— repeated loading test

— rotor freedom test

— run-in test

— scale-model test

— screening test

— sea-level-pressure test

— separation test

— service test

— shakedown test

— shake-table test

— shielding test

— shock test

— simulated test

— simulation test

— single axis test

— skin-friction tests

— slam test

— sled test

— slush runway test

— sonic test

— space-borne test

— spacecraft test

— space-ship test

— speed/altitude tests

— spin recovery test

— spin susceptibility tests

— spinning tests

— stability test

— stage separation tests

— stalling test

— static corrosion test

— stores separation tests

— structural dynamics test

— structural test

— submerged launch test

— suborbital test

— subsonic test

— supersonic boom tests

— supersonic test

— takeoff test

— Taliani test

— tank test

— temperature test

— tensile test

— tension-tension tests

— testbed test

— tethered test

— thermal cycling tests

— thermal fatigue test

— thermal performance test

— thermal shock test

— thermomechanical erosion tests

— thrust chamber test

— torque test

— torsional test

— towing-basin test

— towing-tank test

— track test

— tracking test

— transition-flight test

— transonic test

— tuft test

— tunnel test

— turbulence tests

— turning tests

— unmanned tests

— vacuum test

— variable geometry tests

— vertical test

— wake turbulence tests

— wander test

— water recovery test

— water-tank fatigue tests

— whirl ing test

— zero-g test

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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As a young man Georges Demenÿ was a pioneer of physical education in France, and this led him to contact the physiologist Professor Marey in 1880. Marey had made a special study of animal movement, and Demenÿ hoped to work with him on research into physiological problems related to gymnastics. He joined Marey the following year, and when in 1882 the Physiological Station was set up near Paris to develop sequence photography for the study of movement. Demenÿ was made Head of the laboratory. He worked with the multiple-image fixed-plate cameras, and was chiefly responsible for the analysis of the records, having considerable mathematical and graphical ability. He also appeared as the subject in a number of the sequences. When in 1888 Marey began the development of a film camera, Demenÿ was involved in its design and operation. He became interested in the possibility of using animated sequence photographs as an aid to teaching of the deaf. He made close-up records of himself speaking short phrases, "Je vous aime" and "Vive la France" for example, which were published in such journals as Paris Photographe and La Nature in 1891 and 1892. To present these in motion, he devised the Phonoscope, which he patented on 3 March 1892. The series of photographs were mounted around the circumference of a disc and viewed through a counter-rotating slotted disc. The moving images could be viewed directly, or projected onto a screen. La Nature reported tests he had made in which deaf lip readers could interpret accurately what was being said. On 20 December 1892 Demenÿ formed a company, Société Générale du Phonoscope, to exploit his invention, hoping that "speaking portraits" might replace family-album pictures. This commercial activity led to a rift between Marey and Demenÿ in July 1893. Deprived of access to the film cameras, Demenÿ developed designs of his own, patenting new camera models in France on 10 October 1893 and 27 July 1894. The design covered by the latter had been included in English and German patents filed in December 1893, and was to be of some significance in the early development of cinematography. It was for an intermittent movement of the film, which used an eccentrically mounted blade or roller that, as it rotated, bore on the film, pulling down the length of one frame. As the blade moved away, the film loop so formed was taken up by the rotation of the take-up reel. This "beater" movement was employed extensively in the early years of cinematography, being effective yet inexpensive. It was first employed in the Chronophotographe apparatus marketed by Gaumont, to whom Demenÿ had licensed the patent rights, from the autumn of 1896. Demenÿ's work provided a link between the scientific purposes of sequence photography— chronophotography—and the introduction of commercial cinematography.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.

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заземление

над уровнем земной поверхности

профиль местности в районе аэродрома

наземный аэродромный сигнал

видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома

Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств

наземный аэронавигационный огонь

наземный аэронавигационный ориентир

на уровне земли

отрываться от земли

время опробования двигателя на земле

наземный ориентир на трассе полета

наземные средства

аэродромная установка для запуска

затухание звука у поверхности земли

средства наземного базирования

наземный маяк

Отдел наземных служб

наземная проверка

цепь заземления

наземные условия

контакт с объектами на земле

управление наземным движением

заход на посадку на посадку под контролем наземных средств

наземная система управления

бригада наземного обслуживания

наземный ориентир

воздушная подушка у земли

влияние близости земли

взлет с использованием влияния земли

наземное оборудование

наземная система наведения

наземное обслуживание

сбор за наземное обслуживание

наземные средства обслуживания

наземное обслуживание рейсов

ожидание сигнала к взлету

режим земного малого газа

трос заземления

трос заземления

адрес запроса, передаваемого наземной станцией

приземная инверсия

уровень земной поверхности

нагрузка при стоянке на земле

штырь фиксации на земле

резкий разворот на земле

дальность обзора местности

наземная маркировка

диспетчер наземного движения

наработка на земле

наземная эксплуатация

наземный персонал

местоположение относительно поверхности земли

автоштурман

аэродромный пусковой агрегат

штуцер для проверки наддува на земле

сближение с землей

сигнализация об опасном сближении с землей

система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей

влияние земли

условия у земли

навигация по наземным ориентирам

коэффициент отражения

влияние отражения от поверхности земли

движение по земле

блок контроля скорости пробега по земле

гонка двигателя на земле

снижение шума при опробовании двигателей на земле

наземное оборудование для обслуживания

наземное обслуживание

система блокировки при обжатии опор шасси

путевая скорость

указатель путевой скорости

вектор путевой скорости

тормозной интерцептор

наземная установка для запуска

наземная станция

аэродромная аккумуляторная батарея

наземный обзорный радиолокатор

руление после посадки

руление по аэродрому

штуцер для проверки на земле

наземные испытания

время простоя на земле

буксировка на земле

наземное сопровождение

наземная подготовка

порядок наземной подготовки

передача с земли

время, необходимое на полное обслуживание и загрузку

путевая скорость

наземный метеорологический радиолокатор

наземный указатель направления ветра

висение в зоне влияния земли

в зоне влияния земли

время наземной тренировки по приборам

время простоя на техническим обслуживании

вне зоны влияния земли

1. отображение радиолокационного обзора земной поверхности

земной резонанс вертолета

стояночный угол

наземные визуальные средства

определение местоположения по наземным ориентирам

наземный визуальный сигнал

 

закон напряжений Кирхгофа
Вокруг любого закрытого электрического контура сумма падения напряжения равна сумме повышения напряжения.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

Kirchhoff' s voltage law
Around any closed electrical circuit loop, the sum of the voltage drops is equal to the sum of the voltage rises.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law